[Draft] [“Building a ‘verse” series]
Reference: “How Many Fundamental Constants Does It Take To Explain the Universe?” by Ethan Siegel (Nov 23, 2018).
Quite a large number of fundamental constants are required to describe reality as we know it …
The fundamental constants … describe the strengths of all the interactions and the physical properties of all the particles. We need those pieces of information to understand the Universe quantitatively, and answer the question of “how much.” It takes 26 [dimensionless] fundamental constants to give us our known Universe, and even with them, they still don’t give us everything.
As a metaphor, imagine trying to build something and not knowing how any of the materials or parts interact. For example, whether two pieces might stick together (or how strongly they do so). Whether some pieces will melt or crack due to temperature. Whether we can substitute one material for another without a problem. How long can we expect a part to last? How heavy are the raw materials (especially if our goal is to minimize weight)?
In an ideal world, at least from the point of view of most physicists, we’d like to think that these constants arise from somewhere physically meaningful, but no current theory predicts them.
If you give a physicist the laws of physics, the initial conditions of the Universe, and these 26 [dimensionless] constants, they can successfully simulate any aspect of the entire Universe. [2]
… our greatest hopes of a unified theory — a theory of everything — seek to decrease the number of fundamental constants we need. In reality, though, the more we learn about the Universe, the more parameters we’re learning it takes to fully describe it.
- 1 The fine-structure constant (one of Feynman’s favorite mysteries) [3]
- 2 The strong coupling constant
- 3–17 The masses of the six quarks, six leptons, and three massive bosons (currently not derivable from anything more profound)
- 18–21 The quark mixing parameters
- 22–25 The neutrino mixing parameters
- 26 The cosmological constant
Notes
[1] Notice what’s not in the above list of constants? Some that you probably learned in high school science (if not earlier): speed of light (c), gravitational constant (G), charge of an electron, mass of an electron, permittivity of free space, Planck’s constant. Hmm … That’s because a narrower definition is being used, as noted in this Wiki article:
The term fundamental physical constant is normally used to refer to the dimensionless constants, but has also been used (primarily by NIST and CODATA) to refer to certain universal dimensioned physical constants, such as the speed of light c, vacuum permittivity ε0, Planck constant h, and the gravitational constant G, that appear in the most basic theories of physics. Other physicists do not recognize this usage, and reserve the use of the term fundamental physical constant solely for dimensionless universal physical constants that currently cannot be derived from any other source.
[2] “Even with this, there are still four puzzles that may yet require additional constants to solve.” These are:
- The problem of the matter-antimatter asymmetry.
- The problem of cosmic inflation.
- The problem of dark matter.
- The problem of strong CP-violation.
[3] “Ask Ethan: What Is The Fine Structure Constant and Why Does It Matter? — Forget the speed of light or the electron’s charge. This is the physical constant that really matters” by Ethan Siegel (Jun 1, 2019)
Not only is there the coarse structure (from electrons orbiting a nucleus) and fine structure (from relativistic effects, the electron’s spin, and the electron’s quantum fluctuations), but there’s hyperfine structure: the interaction of the electron with the nuclear spin. The spin-flip transition of the hydrogen atom, for example, is the narrowest spectral line known in physics, and it’s due to this hyperfine effect that goes beyond even fine structure.
But the fine structure constant, α, is of tremendous interest to physics. Some have investigated whether it might not be perfectly constant. … These initial results, however, have failed to hold up to independent verification, …
A different type of variation, though, has actually been reproduced: α changes as a function of the energy conditions under which you perform your experiments. … at low energies, the virtual contributions from electron-positron pairs are the only quantum effects that matter in terms of the strength of the electrostatic force. But at higher energies, it not only becomes easier to make electron-positron pairs, giving you a larger contribution, but you start getting additional contributions from heavier particle-antiparticle combinations.
As noted elsewhere, in 2019, venerable theoretical physicist Lee Smolin was busy promoting his latest book, Einstein’s Unfinished Revolution: The Search for What Lies Beyond the Quantum. He based a lecture on the book: Perimeter Institute online video > Lee Smolin Public Lecture.
In his book Smolin discusses the foundations for the realist vs. anti-realist interpretations of quantum physics. I find his relational model interesting – “an object’s properties are not intrinsic to it — rather they reflect the relationships or interactions that object has with other objects.”
While this Quanta Magazine article notes that “Smolin is considered a fringe figure in the field,” his sketch of a more complete cosmological theory has merit.
Quanta Magazine > Insights Puzzle > “Solution: ‘Is It Turtles All the Way Down?’” by Pradeep Mutalik (March 27, 2020) – While the age-old chicken-and-egg paradox is easily answered, the question of infinite regress in physics is far from resolved.
Other items mentioned in the article:
• The pesky question: “Why is there something rather than nothing?”
• The infinite regress problem for consciousness.
• The question: “At what point in evolution does consciousness (internal experience) start, and with what experience?”
A much simpler take than Ethan Siegel’s on defining a universe.
A standard model of cosmology based on the Big Bang theory and research on the cosmic microwave background (CMB).
• Science Focus > “The six numbers that define the entire Universe” by Prof Lyman Page (January 5, 2021) – In this edited extract from The Little Book of Cosmology, physicist Prof Lyman Page explains how our model of the Universe relies on just six parameters.
• “The amount of normal matter, or atoms, in the Universe, and it says that atoms account for just 5 per cent of the Universe.”
• The amount of dark matter (25%) – “some type of new fundamental particle that we do not yet understand.”
• The cosmological constant aka dark energy – “70 per cent of the Universe’s total matter and energy budget.”
• Optical depth – “how opaque the Universe was to the photons travelling through it.” [Re the epoch of reionisation of the universe and measurement of the polarisation of the CMB.]
• Primordial power spectrum – “the fluctuations in the density of the Universe in three-dimensional space.” [Density function / field over space.]
• Scalar spectral index – “how the [amplitudes of] primordial fluctuations, the tiny energy variations that were present in the infant Universe, depend on angular scale.”
Questions
1. How is the amount of dark matter derived from our measurements of the minute temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation?
2. How is the presence of dark energy directly measured through the cosmic acceleration?